Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Google in 1998: How PageRank Changed the History of Search Engine Optimization

A website can declare itself the leading authority in its field. The claim becomes more interesting when other websites point to it. Even then, a difficult question remains: should every…

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Amazon Recommender Systems from 1998: How Collaborative Filtering Changed Marketing

A large online catalogue solves one problem while creating another. It makes many products accessible, but leaves visitors with the work of finding what suits them. Amazon's early recommender systems…

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Amazon Associates in 1996: How Affiliate Marketing Turned Recommendations into a Distribution Network

A website about dogs did not need a warehouse to earn money from books. A cooking site did not need its own payment desk or dispatch department. In July 1996,…

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Leonard L. Berry and Relationship Marketing in 1983: The History of a Customer Relationship Perspective

A four-page conference paper gave a lasting name to a substantial marketing agenda. Leonard L. Berry's Relationship Marketing appeared on pages 25-28 of Emerging Perspectives on Services Marketing in 1983.…

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Gary Thuerk and the First Commercial Spam Email of 1978: When Direct Marketing Entered the ARPANET

Two computer demonstrations became the occasion for a dispute about who could use a network to reach its users. On 3 May 1978, Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation sent…

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